All

Mitochondrial Glutathione in Cellular Redox Homeostasis and Disease Manifestation

Mitochondrial Glutathione in Cellular Redox Homeostasis and Disease Manifestation

Mar 16, 2026

      Mitochondria are critical for providing energy to maintain cell viability. Oxidative phosphorylation involves the transfer of electrons from energy substrates to oxygen to produce adenosine triphosphate. Mitochondria also regulate cell proliferation, metastasis, and deterioration. The flow of electrons in the mitochondrial respiratory chain generates reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are harmful to cells at high levels. Oxidative stress caused by ROS accumulation has been associated with an increased risk of cancer, and cardiovascular and liver diseases. Glutathione (GSH) is an abundant cellular antioxidant that is primarily synthesized in the cytoplasm and delivered to the mitochondria. Mitochondrial glutathione (mGSH) metabolizes hydrogen peroxide within the mitochondria. A long-term imbalance in the ratio of mitochondrial ROS to mGSH can cause cell dysfunction, apoptosis, necroptosis, and ferroptosis, which may lead to disease. This study aimed to review the physiological functions, anabolism, variations in organ tissue accumulation, and delivery of GSH to the mitochondria and the relationships between mGSH levels, the GSH/GSH disulfide (GSSG) ratio, programmed cell death, and ferroptosis. We also discuss diseases caused by mGSH deficiency and related therapeutics. Mitochondria play a central role in maintaining cellular energy metabolism and viability. Through oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are transferred from metabolic substrates to molecular oxygen to generate adenosine triphosphate (ATP). In addition to energy production, mitochondria participate in the regulation of cellular proliferation, metabolic homeostasis, and aging processes. However, electron transfer within the mitochondrial respiratory chain also generates reactive oxygen species (ROS). Excessive ROS accumulation leads to oxidative stress and cellular damage and has been closely associated with the pathogenesis of cancer, cardiovascular disorders, and liver diseases.       Glutathione (GSH) is one of the most abundant intracellular antioxidants. It is primarily synthesized in the cytosol and subsequently transported into mitochondria through specific carrier systems. Mitochondrial glutathione (mGSH) plays a critical role in detoxifying hydrogen peroxide and maintaining mitochondrial redox homeostasis. Persistent imbalance between mitochondrial ROS production and mGSH levels can impair mitochondrial function and trigger multiple forms of programmed cell death, including apoptosis, necroptosis, and ferroptosis.          This review summarizes the physiological functions and biosynthetic pathways of GSH and examines its tissue distribution and mitochondrial transport mechanisms. Furthermore, we discuss the relationships between mGSH accumulation, the GSH/GSSG redox ratio, and programmed cell death pathways, particularly ferroptosis. Finally, diseases associated with mGSH deficiency and emerging therapeutic strategies targeting mitochondrial redox regulation are also discussed.

Microbially Induced Carbonate Precipitation (MICP): A Promising Approach for Environmental Remediation

Microbially Induced Carbonate Precipitation (MICP): A Promising Approach for Environmental Remediation

Mar 16, 2026

With the rapid expansion of industrialization and urban development, environmental pollution caused by heavy metals, metal ions, and radioactive elements has become an increasingly serious global issue. These contaminants commonly originate from industrial discharge, mining activities, agricultural fertilizers, nuclear-related operations, aerospace technology, and municipal waste disposal. Once released into soil and water systems, they may accumulate and persist for long periods, posing significant risks to ecosystems and human health. Toxic elements such as arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), nickel (Ni), and copper (Cu), as well as radioactive elements like uranium (U), strontium (Sr), and radium (Ra), can enter food chains and interact with DNA and proteins, potentially causing structural damage, cellular dysfunction, and impaired biological growth. Traditional remediation technologies typically rely on physical and chemical treatments, such as adsorption, ion exchange, chemical extraction, and precipitation. Although these methods can remove pollutants effectively in certain cases, they often require large amounts of chemicals and energy, making them costly and sometimes generating secondary pollution. Biological approaches such as phytoremediation offer a more environmentally friendly alternative, but their efficiency is often limited by environmental conditions including climate, soil type, and plant growth rates. Consequently, researchers have increasingly focused on developing sustainable and eco-friendly technologies for pollution control. Among these emerging methods, Microbially Induced Carbonate Precipitation (MICP) has attracted significant attention in recent years. MICP is based on the natural metabolic activities of microorganisms that induce mineral formation. Certain microorganisms produce an enzyme known as urease, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of urea into ammonia (NH₃) and carbon dioxide (CO₂). This biochemical reaction increases the pH of the surrounding environment and promotes the formation of carbonate ions (CO₃²⁻). When calcium ions (Ca²⁺) or other metal ions are present, carbonate ions react with these cations to form carbonate minerals such as calcium carbonate (CaCO₃). These minerals can adsorb, encapsulate, or co-precipitate heavy metals and radioactive elements, transforming them into stable and insoluble mineral forms. As a result, the mobility and toxicity of contaminants are significantly reduced. In essence, MICP utilizes biomineralization, a natural process in which microorganisms facilitate the formation of minerals through metabolic reactions. The MICP process generally involves three main stages: carbonate generation through microbial metabolism, crystal nucleation, and mineral precipitation. The resulting carbonate minerals often possess stable crystalline structures, including calcite, aragonite, and vaterite. These minerals effectively immobilize pollutants within soil or sediment matrices, preventing their migration into surrounding environments. A wide range of microorganisms are capable of participating in MICP processes. Among them, Sporosarcina pasteurii is one of the most widely studied bacteria due to its exceptionally high urease activity. These microorganisms can efficiently induce carbonate precipitation under suitable environmental conditions, enabling the immobilization of numerous contaminants. Studies have demonstrated that heavy metals such as cadmium, lead, copper, zinc, and nickel can be effectively removed through MICP, with removal efficiencies often exceeding 90%. Furthermore, MICP has also shown promising potential in immobilizing radioactive elements, including strontium and uranium, suggesting possible applications in nuclear contamination remediation. Beyond environmental remediation, MICP technology also shows considerable potential across multiple disciplines. In geotechnical engineering, MICP can enhance soil stability through bio-cementation, which strengthens soil structure and improves shear resistance. In materials science, researchers have applied microbial biomineralization processes to synthesize nanomaterials such as nickel oxide (NiO) and cerium oxide (CeO₂) nanoparticles. Additionally, MICP has been explored in the development of self-healing concrete, where microbial carbonate precipitation can seal cracks in construction materials, thereby extending the lifespan and durability of infrastructure. Despite its significant advantages, several challenges remain before MICP can be widely implemented in large-scale environmental applications. For example, the hydrolysis of urea during the MICP process produces ammonium ions (NH₄⁺), which may contribute to nitrogen pollution in aquatic systems. Furthermore, large-scale field applications require careful control of environmental conditions to maintain microbial activity and ensure effective mineral precipitation. Factors such as temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen levels, bacterial species, and the concentrations of calcium ions and urea can significantly influence the efficiency of the MICP process. Continued interdisciplinary research is therefore necessary to optimize reaction conditions, improve efficiency, and reduce operational costs. Overall, MICP represents an innovative environmental remediation strategy that integrates microbiology, geochemistry, and materials science. By harnessing natural biomineralization processes, this technology offers an environmentally friendly and potentially cost-effective solution for the removal of heavy metals and radioactive contaminants from soil and water systems. Moreover, its broader applications in carbon sequestration, environmental restoration, and advanced material development highlight its importance for future sustainable technologies. As research in this field continues to advance, MICP is expected to play an increasingly important role in addressing global environmental pollution challenges and supporting long-term ecological sustainability.

2025 TCUS Young Scholar Excellence Award in Humanities and Social Science Division—Assistant Professor Ching Hung

2025 TCUS Young Scholar Excellence Award in Humanities and Social Science Division—Assistant Professor Ching Hung

Feb 05, 2026

Bridging Theoretical "Detours" and Institutional Recognition Beyond personal honor, receiving the 2025 Excellence Award in Humanities and Social Science—awarded by the Taiwan Comprehensive University System (TCUS) as part of its Young Scholars' Innovative R&D Results Selection—signifies a meaningful institutional embrace of interdisciplinary inquiry and foundational theoretical reconstruction. My research has long been situated at the nexus of the Philosophy of Technology and STS (Science and Technology Studies). This intellectual path often necessitates a "detour" through rigorous philosophical argumentation and the complexities of social phenomena. In an academic landscape that frequently prioritizes quantitative indicators and immediate pragmatic outcomes, the committee’s recognition of my attempt to ontologically ground the reconstruction of governance logic suggests that deep theoretical reflection remains indispensable for addressing contemporary technological dilemmas. This award serves as a profound encouragement to continue navigating these interdisciplinary boundaries, as I strive to cultivate a more realistic and actionable space for dialogue between technological advancement and human action.   From Architectural Practice to the Construction of Behavior-Steering Theory My scholarly concerns are rooted not in abstract speculation, but in a keen observation of concrete, real-world frictions. This trajectory began during my transition from the Department of Atomic Science to the Graduate Institute of History at National Tsing Hua University. My master’s research focused on the sluggish adoption of "Sustainable Buildings" in Taiwan, where I discovered that the bottleneck was not a lack of technological efficacy, but a disconnect between technological objects, users, and the prevailing social environment. This realization—that technology is never a neutral tool but a material configuration that profoundly shapes human conduct—became the cornerstone of my subsequent work. During my doctoral studies in the Netherlands, I engaged critically with the theory of technological mediation. In my book Design for Green, I addressed a central paradox: in our current environmental crisis, to what extent are we "permitted" to steer human behavior through technological design? To resolve this, I established a comprehensive framework spanning ontology, ethics, and political philosophy.   Cover of the monograph Design for Green. This work was awarded the Excellent Doctoral Dissertation Prize by Taiwan STS Association; a revised Chinese edition is scheduled for publication in 2026.   As my research evolved, I began to confront the limitations of mainstream frameworks in addressing "agency" and the persistent "knowing-doing gap". This led me to incorporate behavioral reinforcement theory, examining how technological objects function as integral components of the external environment to directly prompt and reinforce ethical behavior. I propose an "Outside-in" shift: given that altering "internal" cognition or motivation has proven insufficient for resolving collective crises, we must rethink how to design technological environments that actively support and strengthen desirable courses of action. This framework does not seek to negate human autonomy; rather, it aims to reconstruct freedom as "Freedom with Technology"—envisioning a democratic governance model that accommodates technological intervention while remaining transparent about its influence.   "Design and Freedom" — Mapping the Ethics of Behavior-Steering Technology Building upon this theoretical foundation, my recent work focuses on refining the ethical and political architecture of "Behavior-Steering Technology" (BST), the core achievement recognized by this award. In my paper "Design and Freedom: A Classification and Ethical Concerns for Behavior-Steering Technology" (published in the Taiwanese Journal for Studies of Science, Technology and Medicine and recipient of the Early Career Paper Award), I introduced a classification system based on the mechanism of intervention. I distinguish between: "Informational BST" (IBST), which targets conscious or subconscious states via informational media (e.g., persuasive technology, nudge); and " Material BST" (MBST), which acts directly on the body and physical space by reconfiguring material structures (e.g., physical barriers or forceful design). This classification challenges conventional ethical intuitions. While traditional views often prefer "soft" persuasion over "hard" material design, I argue that because the reinforcement structures of MBST are physically manifest and visible, they offer greater "transparency" and more robust privacy protections than the subtle manipulations characteristic of IBST. My goal is to provide a more nuanced ethical map for policy-making and the democratic governance of technology. Furthermore, I have integrated this "philosophy-of-technology-inside" approach into my teaching. By guiding students from engineering and biomedical backgrounds to move beyond abstract moralizing, I empower them to analyze and design environmental configurations that solve real-world ethical puzzles. My students’ consistent success in national professional ethics competitions underscores the practical power of this material-centric approach for interdisciplinary learners.   Lecturing on Dutch Philosophy of Technology at the Institute of Social Research and Cultural Studies, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University.   Towards a New Ethics of Environmental Configuration Looking ahead, I intend to further refine the framework of "Technological Politics," specifically exploring how democratic governance remains possible when we acknowledge the power of environments to shape behavior. A primary practical objective is the development of a "New Engineering Ethics" that elevates "material configuration" to the center of ethical judgment. I envision an engineering ethics education that transcends mere moral reasoning, evolving instead into a practice of "environmental configuration" deeply integrated with technical design. My hope is to provide practitioners with sophisticated ethical tools that allow them to recognize, from the earliest stages of design, how technological objects function as structures of reinforcement that constitute social conduct. As an assistant professor, I remain committed to this path where theory and practice intertwine, transforming philosophical insights into a material force that safeguards a diverse and democratic society.  

Development of Hydrogen Energy and Energy Storage Technologies for Net-Zero Emissions

Development of Hydrogen Energy and Energy Storage Technologies for Net-Zero Emissions

Nov 19, 2025

            To achieve the 2050 net-zero emission target, hydrogen energy, water electrolysis, CO₂ reutilization, and flow-battery energy storage constitute the major key technologies. Hydrogen is abundant, produces only water after reaction, and possesses high energy density, making it suitable as a transportation fuel, industrial energy source, and energy-storage medium. Industrial CO₂ emissions can also be converted with hydrogen into valuable fuels such as methane, ethylene, and methanol. Meanwhile, the intermittency of renewable resources such as solar and wind can be mitigated through flow batteries, enabling peak shaving and stabilizing power output.                The energy efficiency of these electrochemical reactions depends significantly on electrode properties, structure, and interfacial impedance. For example, water-electrolysis efficiency drops at high current densities due to sluggish oxygen evolution reaction kinetics and bubble formation, which increase interfacial impedance and energy loss. CO₂ capture and conversion are energy-intensive processes that require highly active and selective catalysts to improve efficiency and reduce cost. In flow batteries, the charge–discharge efficiency is influenced by the surface characteristics of porous graphite-felt electrodes and precise operational control. Across these electrochemical systems, carbon-based materials—particularly carbon nanotubes (CNTs)—play a key role. CNTs offer high electrical conductivity, chemical stability, large surface area, and excellent mechanical strength, forming three-dimensional conductive networks that enhance electron transport and catalysis while lowering overpotential and interfacial impedance.            Overall, the performances of water electrolysis, CO₂ conversion, and flow-battery storage depend on efficient, durable, and cost-effective electrode materials. To accelerate commercialization and reduce electrode cost, our team focuses on low-cost materials such as carbon, stainless steel, and nickel for developing electrodes used in water electrolysis and CO₂ electrochemical conversion. We also provide customized electrode components and testing services for material developers, supporting both experimental research and system-level integration. Currently, we have developed a stainless-steel-electrode for water-electrolysis with competitive performance, and we are now advancing toward large-scale commercial electrolysis systems to support future industrial deployment.

Fostering EFL University Students’ Motivation and Self-Regulated Learning in Writing: A Socio-Constructivist Approach

Fostering EFL University Students’ Motivation and Self-Regulated Learning in Writing: A Socio-Constructivist Approach

Oct 21, 2025

  Writing is a complex cognitive skill essential for both academic and professional communication. In many exam-oriented English-as-a-Foreign-Language (EFL) contexts, students often acquire writing passively and tend to lose motivation once exams are completed. Since motivation and self-regulated learning (SRL) influence the sustained effort needed for writing development, understanding how students’ motivation is supported and how they employ SRL strategies can offer valuable insights for teaching practice.   This qualitative case study explores how six first-year EFL university students with prior exam-focused writing experience developed motivation and utilized SRL strategies in a year-long English writing course designed around a socio-constructivist approach. Data were collected from semi-structured interviews, self-reflections, and students’ developing drafts. The analysis revealed that the students experienced positive changes in writing motivation as the course progressed. Their motivation grew through heightened task interest, which helped clarify outcome expectations and shift their goal orientation from vague career aspirations to specific skill improvement. The students also applied a range of SRL strategies, among which self-evaluative standards proved particularly crucial, as they enabled effective feedback integration and concrete revision goal-setting. These findings highlight the value of incorporating a socio-constructivist approach into writing courses to gradually transform students’ writing experiences and outcomes in exam-oriented EFL contexts, offering implications for both researchers and practitioners.

Outstanding Young Scholar Spotlight: Associate Professor Jian-Jhih Kuo

Outstanding Young Scholar Spotlight: Associate Professor Jian-Jhih Kuo

Sep 18, 2025

  As information technology continues to evolve rapidly, the new generation of scholars is taking on the challenge of exploring emerging research frontiers and shaping the future of the field. Associate Professor Jian-Jhih Kuo from the Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering at National Chung Cheng University has shown strong dedication and focus in his work. He has produced outstanding results in quantum networks, distributed machine learning, path planning, and traffic engineering. In recent years, he was honored with the prestigious Ta-You Wu Memorial Award, marking him as a rising figure in the computer science community.   Academic Journey: From CCU to NTHU, and Back Again to Grow Roots   After earning his bachelor’s degree in computer science from National Chung Cheng University, Associate Professor Jian-Jhih Kuo developed a strong interest in research. He recalls that during his undergraduate years, the excellent faculty not only helped him build a solid theoretical foundation, but also sparked his curiosity and strengthened his ability to solve problems. This period marked both his academic awakening and the beginning of his research journey.   He then pursued a Ph.D. at National Tsing Hua University under the guidance of Professor Ming-Jer Tsai. That stage of training was both challenging and deeply inspiring. Professor Tsai valued research freedom and encouraged students to take on forward-looking networking topics, while also pushing them to read difficult papers. More importantly, he constantly reminded his students to ask the right questions and to understand the mindset and reasoning behind each author’s research design. Under this kind of mentorship, Professor Kuo gradually developed his independence as a researcher and began thinking about technology and research value from a broader perspective.   After completing his doctorate, he joined the Institute of Information Science at Academia Sinica as a postdoctoral researcher, working with Professors Wen-Tsuen Chen and De-Nian Yang on software-defined networking. This experience exposed him to the high academic standards and dedication of senior scholars. Despite being close to 70 years old at the time, Professor Chen actively participated in every research discussion and never compromised on quality, leaving a lasting impression on Professor Kuo’s academic mindset. Professor Yang, on the other hand, often emphasized that “working hard is a given, but only real results count.” This helped shape Professor Kuo’s early-career perspective that academic work requires not only passion and persistence, but also concrete, visible outcomes.   With support from senior colleagues, including Professor Ren-Hung Hwang who hosted his job talk and helped facilitate his return, Professor Kuo eventually launched his academic career at his alma mater, National Chung Cheng University. Having started his academic path at National Chung Cheng University, returning to serve his alma mater carries special meaning and reinforces his dedication to teaching and research.   Academic Honor: Ta-You Wu Memorial Award   In 2025, Associate Professor Jian-Jhih Kuo was honored with the Ta-You Wu Memorial Award. To him, this national-level recognition is not only an affirmation but also a meaningful reminder. With humility, he emphasizes that this achievement does not belong to him alone, but to the many people who have supported him along the way, including his mentors, research collaborators, students, and family. Being able to continuously pursue both teaching and research, accumulate meaningful results, and ultimately receive such a prestigious award, has been an extraordinary journey.   For Professor Kuo, the true value of this recognition lies not only in affirming his past efforts, but also in inspiring future progress. He hopes the award will encourage more young scholars to stay true to their passion, embrace challenges with courage, and learn to give back and share as they strive for breakthroughs. He especially emphasizes, “Research is not only a personal achievement, but also a legacy to be passed on.” With this belief, upon returning to his alma mater, he has committed himself to guiding students in research projects, helping them develop skills in independent thinking, academic writing, and interdisciplinary collaboration. Research Achievements: Bridging Theory and Application   Associate Professor Jian-Jhih Kuo's research focuses on three main areas, all centered around problem modeling and algorithm design, with a strong emphasis on connecting theoretical analysis with practical implementation: Resource Allocation and Routing Optimization in Quantum Networks. As one of the first scholars in Taiwan to explore this emerging field, Professor Kuo's team addresses key challenges such as quantum memory limitations, fidelity degradation, entanglement swapping, and purification. They have developed approximation algorithms with theoretical guarantees and adaptive decision-making frameworks that lay the groundwork for future quantum communications. Distributed Machine Learning and Security Defense. His work tackles critical issues including non-IID data distributions, malicious attacks, and model splitting. He has proposed low-overhead defense mechanisms, clustering strategies, and flexible deployment techniques to improve both the efficiency and robustness of learning systems. Traffic Engineering and Path Planning Optimization. This includes multicast routing in software-defined networks, content caching and energy-aware scheduling in edge computing, as well as application-driven problems such as UAV data collection, battery swapping logistics for electric vehicles, and emergency communication support. By combining optimization theory with real-world needs, Professor Kuo has designed algorithms with provable guarantees or learning flexibility, validated through real-data simulations. These solutions strike a balance between theoretical rigor and practical relevance.   Since 2020, he has led several NSTC-funded projects and collaborated closely with leading research teams in Taiwan and abroad. His work has been published in over 40 papers across top-tier international conferences such as IEEE INFOCOM, GLOBECOM, and ICC, as well as prestigious journals including IEEE TMC, TSC, TVT, and COMST, receiving increasing recognition from the academic community.   Educational Mission: Inspiring Students and Nurturing Future Talent   As an early-career faculty member, Associate Professor Jian-Jhih Kuo deeply values the role and responsibility of education. He believes that the legacy of academic research lies not only in accumulated results but also in inspiring the next generation. He actively encourages undergraduate students to engage in research early on, guiding them through hands-on experience to learn how to raise meaningful questions, design methods, write papers, and deliver presentations. Through this process, students not only enhance their academic abilities but also develop the critical thinking and independent research skills that define their competitive edge.   He often says that the greatest sense of accomplishment for a teacher comes from seeing students shine on their academic or professional paths. He also expresses his gratitude to Professor Chih-Yu Wang for his early insights and advice, which helped shape his approach to mentoring undergraduates and building their problem-solving capabilities. Looking ahead, he hopes to cultivate more students with a global perspective, so that Taiwan’s research capacity can continue to grow and gain visibility on the international stage.   Looking Ahead: Research Vision and Global Collaboration   Looking forward, Associate Professor Jian-Jhih Kuo plans to continue advancing two core research directions. The first is quantum networking, with a focus on multiparty entangled states, integration of heterogeneous quantum platforms, and hybrid quantum network architectures that combine fiber, free-space optics, and satellite communications. The second involves traffic engineering and path optimization in classical networks, with practical applications in smart city infrastructure such as drones, electric vehicles, and next-generation communication technologies, bridging theoretical research with real-world implementation.   At the same time, he emphasizes the importance of international and inter-institutional collaboration. He is actively expanding his global research network to foster more cross-disciplinary exchanges and contribute to Taiwan’s continued growth in emerging technologies.   Associate Professor Jian-Jhih Kuo’s academic journey is one shaped by passion, perseverance, and a willingness to take on challenges. As a young scholar, he continues to push the boundaries of research, while as an educator, he shares his dedication to academic growth and responsibility with the next generation. His work not only marks him as a rising figure in Taiwan’s computer science community but also as a promising leader for the future.

Critical analysis of the technological affordances, challenges and future directions of Generative AI in education: a systematic review

Critical analysis of the technological affordances, challenges and future directions of Generative AI in education: a systematic review

Sep 18, 2025

  This systematic review synthesizes 27 core-journal papers (2020–2023) on generative AI in education using a PRISMA-guided selection and inductive thematic coding. It maps technological affordances, key challenges, and actionable directions for future research and practice.   Highlights Four technological affordances: Accessibility (always-on support; remote learning), Personalization (context-aware feedback/materials), Automation (offloading repetitive tasks; boosting preparation/assessment), and Interactivity (AI as conversational partner supporting language and conceptual learning). Five central challenges: Academic integrity (plagiarism/cheating), Response errors & bias (hallucinations, fabricated citations, data bias), Over-dependence (risks to higher-order thinking), Digital divide (paywalls and bans), and Privacy & security. Roles in educational settings: Generative AI can function as an intelligent tutor, tutee, learning tool/partner, and domain expert—supporting curriculum design, learning assistance, and teacher PD. Fig 1. Roles of generative AI in education   Methods   The review searched Web of Science, Scopus, and ScienceDirect, and coded contexts, sectors, and methods to portray the research landscape and use-cases. Fig 2. Guidelines about the future directions of research and practice   Conclusions and Recommendations Assessment & policy: Adopt diverse assessments (proctored open-ended tasks, orals, process portfolios) and enhance misconduct detection; establish and maintain institutional AI ethics guidelines. Bias mitigation & capacity building: Continuously monitor model bias and equip educators with AI literacy (including prompt design) to ensure human–AI collaboration that improves material design and feedback. Curricular integration: Integrate Generative AI into learning activities to foster higher-order skills; position AI as a thinking aid rather than an answer engine, with robust data protection and informed consent.   Contribution   The review bridges role-based perspectives with technological affordances to present a balanced account of opportunities and risks, offering concrete guidance for policymakers, educators, and learners.

‘You really have to have a thick skin’: A cross-cultural perspective on how online harassment influences female journalists

‘You really have to have a thick skin’: A cross-cultural perspective on how online harassment influences female journalists

Jul 15, 2025

            In-depth interviews with 75 female journalists who work or have worked in Germany, India, Taiwan, the United Kingdom, and the United States of America reveal that they face rampant online gendered harassment that influences how they do their jobs. Many of the women report that if they aim to engage with their audience online – which is a job requirement for many of them – they frequently face sexist comments that criticize, attack, marginalize, stereotype, or threaten them based on their gender or sexuality. Often, criticism of their work is framed as misogynistic attacks and, sometimes, even involves sexual violence. The journalists have developed a variety of strategies for dealing with the abuse, including limiting what they post online, changing what stories they report on, and using technological tools to prevent people from posting offensive words on the journalists’ public social media pages. Results show that this harassment disrupts the routinized practice of reciprocal journalism because it limits how much these women can interact with the audience in mutually beneficial ways without being attacked or undermined sexually. While experiences of harassment were consistent across the countries studied, cultural differences were evident in how much the journalists were expected to engage online. Results are discussed in relation to the hierarchy of influences model that aims to explain how multiple forces influence media content.

1 2